Water Polo Cap: History, Rules, Colors, and Complete Guide (2025)

The water polo cap (also called a cap or "earmuffs") is that unmistakable piece of equipment with rigid ear flaps and straps under the chin. It serves to identify players and referees at a glance and, above all, to protect the ears from ball hits, slaps, and collisions in the water.

As a former player, I always tell new players the same thing: without a properly fitted cap, the game drags on. If it sways or comes loose, you lose focus and, in a moment, you could take an unnecessary hit.

1) A little history: from the scarf to the technical cap

Late 19th – early 20th centuries. When water polo began to take shape, improvised handkerchiefs or simple caps were used to distinguish teams.

Standardization. With professionalization comes rigid, perforated earmuffs (to hear the referee and reduce impact) and visible numbering on both sides.

Modern era. Synthetic materials (polyamide, polyester with elastane), chlorine-resistant inks, and reinforced seams. The result: lightweight, comfortable, and highly durable hats.

During my training, I tried old-school cotton hats. They absorbed water, weighed more, and moved around. The current ones fit better on the head and can withstand a lot of chlorine.

2) What is the purpose of the water polo cap?

Function 1 — Immediate identification.
Each team wears a different color (traditionally, white and dark blue), with large numbers on both sides and the back. The goalkeepers wear a different color (usually red or bright red).

Function 2 — Security.
The perforated, rigid ear cups disperse the impact of the ball and contact. Note: This is not a helmet; its purpose is not to absorb strong impacts, but rather to reduce risks and protect the ear canal.

Function 3 — Game and rules.
The cap must remain fastened during the game. If it becomes loose or torn, the referee may order it to be adjusted or replaced as soon as possible.

3) Colors, numbers and goalkeepers: how to “read” a match

Team colors. One light (typically white) and one dark (typically blue).

Goalkeepers. A red (or very striking) cap so referees and opponents can identify him from a distance.

Numbering. Outfield players wear numbers 2 to 13, and the starting goalkeeper wears 1 (in many competitions, the substitute wears 13).

Visibility. The numbers are sewn or screen-printed on both sides and back, with high chlorine resistance.

Bench tip: When I analyze video, if the numbers aren't clearly legible, we waste time. Choose fonts and colors with high contrast; it's appreciated in broadcasting and scouting.

4) Parts of the hat (and why they matter)

Body: technical fabric with low absorption, non-slip and does not deform with use.

Rigid earmuff: Lightweight, perforated plastic; screwed or riveted to the fabric.

Under-chin ties: The correct knot is firm but comfortable; don't tie it so tight it could cause jaw discomfort.

Reinforcements and seams: The ear area and the base of the neck are double-stitched.

Quick tip: overhand knot + tie-off (extra loop underneath). It holds and unties quickly if you need it between periods.

5) How to choose your water polo cap (club, training or match)

Size and fit

Most are one size fits most with drawstring adjustment; some brands offer junior and senior sizes.

It should stay in place without causing pain or marks after the match.

Materials

Non-slip and chlorine-resistant technical fabrics. Avoid materials that "give way" with washing.

Earmuffs with good pressure distribution and sufficient perforation for listening.

Visibility

Large, bold numbers. If you customize, prioritize legibility over aesthetics.

Intended use

Training: Look for comfort and durability.

Match: visibility and perfect fit.

Club/Team: Check your federation's regulations (permitted colors, numbering, and logos).

As a former player, in tense games I ask for new laces and check the earmuffs. A worn lace will loosen; a poorly secured earmuff will "sing" on the first contact.

6) Correct placement (step by step)

Lightly moisten your forehead or cap (better grip).

Place the hat in the center; the ear flaps should completely cover the pavilion.

Pass the laces under your chin.

Make a firm knot (single or double) and finish.

Check that you can open your mouth and speak without discomfort.

Typical mistakes: knot too tight, cap pushed back (leaving ear exposed), poorly finished laces that come untied at the first pull.

7) Maintenance and cleaning (to make it last)

Rinse in fresh water after each session.

Dry in the shade; avoid prolonged direct radiation, which can damage inks and elastomers.

Do not wring to drain; press with a towel.

Check the screws/rivets on the earmuffs periodically.

Change laces when they become rough or fuzzy.

I've seen hats last entire seasons with this basic care. Chlorine is punishing, but with rinsing and shade, they last a long time.

8) Personalization and regulations: what a club usually asks for

Visible official numbering (sides and rear).

Regulation colors (one set light, one dark; goalkeepers in red).

Logos: In many leagues, they are allowed if they do not invade the number area or reduce visibility.

Packs: the club usually orders complete sets (starters, goalkeepers and replacements).

Equipment tip: If you're competing in multiple tournaments, order two sets of caps per color to rotate so you don't end up in the semifinals with faded numbers.

9) Quick questions we always get asked

Does a cap prevent ear infections? That's not its purpose. It helps protect against impact, not prevent infections.

Can I play without a chin strap? No. It must be securely fastened during play.

Is any number valid? Team numbers are assigned according to the official roster; check your competition.

Is a swim cap suitable? No. Water polo caps have rigid ear loops and visible numbers; they're made of specific material.

10) From the pool to the stands: water polo style and culture

Although the cap is purely sporty, water polo has its own aesthetic. If you like to take the game with you outside of the water, check out unique and trendy designs for the stands and everyday wear.

11) What basic skills do I need to get started?

• Float high with a mixer without getting tired.

• Orient yourself (receive, look, pass and shoot in balance).

• Swim short and change pace (defense-attack).
  With that, in just a few weeks you'll be able to play your first games.

12) What is a typical offensive play like?

Rapid ball circulation, the team looking for an advantage : passing to the ball carrier if they gain space or shooting from outside when the defense loses ground. Off-ball movements (screens, crosses) open up passing and shooting lanes.

13) What happens when there is an exclusion?

A player who commits a serious foul is temporarily removed from the water, and his team is down 6 against 5. The opponent organizes a superiority to move quickly and shoot with more space. The exact length of this exclusion may vary depending on the tournament.

14) Is it mixed? Are there age categories?

There are male and female categories, from junior to senior, and also age groups (under 10, under 12, under 14, under 18, under 20, under 21, under 22, under 23, under 24, under 25, under 26, under 27, under 28, under 29, under 30, under 31, under 32, under 33, under 34, under 35, under 36, under 37, under 38, under 39, under 40, under 41, under 42, under 43, under 44, under 45, under 46, under 47, under 48, under 49, under 50, under 51, under 52, under 53, under 54, under 55, under 56, under 57, under 58, under 59, under 60, under 61, under 62, under 6

15) How do I start if I've never played?

Visit a club or school in your city, ask about the beginner 's group, and try 2–3 sessions. Bring comfortable swimwear, a swimming cap, and lots of enthusiasm; you'll learn basic floating, passing, and shooting techniques.

Conclusion

The water polo cap embodies identity, safety, and rules in one: colors for distinguishing, numbers for refereeing, and ear flaps for protection. Choose it based on fit, visibility, and durability, take care of it after each session, and it will last you season after season.

FAQ (quick)

What material is a water polo cap made of?
Technical fabric (polyamide/polyester with elastane), perforated rigid plastic ear loops and drawstrings under the chin.

What color does the goalkeeper wear?
Usually red (or very bright) to differentiate it at first glance.

What numbers do the players wear?
The usual: 1 starting goalkeeper; 2–13 other numbers (13 can be a backup goalkeeper). Check your league's rules.

How do you wash it?
Rinse with fresh water, dry in the shade, and avoid wringing. Check earmuffs and laces regularly.

Can it be customized?
Yes: club logos and styles, as long as they do not detract from the numbers and comply with regulations.